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The Medang or Mataram Kingdom was a Javanese Hindu–Buddhist kingdom that flourished between the 8th and 10th centuries. It was based in Central Java, and later in East Java. Established by King Sanjaya, the kingdom was ruled by the Sailendra dynasty. During most of its history, the kingdom seems to rely heavily on agricultural pursuit, especially extensive rice farming, and later also benefited from the maritime trade. According to foreign sources and archaeological findings, the kingdom seems to be well populated and quite prosperous. The kingdom had developed a complex society, they had a well developed culture and had achieved a degree of sophistication and refined civilisation. In the period between the late 8th century to the mid 9th century, the kingdom saw the blossoming of classical Javanese art and architecture, testified by the rapid growth of temple construction dotted the landscape of its heartland in Mataram (Kedu and Kewu Plain). The most notable temples constructed in Medang Mataram are Kalasan, Sewu, Borobudur and Prambanan temples. By 850, the kingdom had become the dominant power in Java and later of its history, was a serious rival to the hegemonic Srivijaya Empire. ==Historiography== In the early 19th century, the discovery of numerous ruins of great monuments — such as Borobudur, Sewu and Prambanan — dominated the landscape of Kedu and Kewu Plain in Yogyakarta and Central Java, has caught the attention of some historians and scholars in colonial Dutch East Indies. This has spurred the archaeological studies to uncover the history of this remarkable ancient civilisation. The history of Mataram area as the of capital of Central Javanese Medang kingdom, is also part of the historical ''Yawadvipa'' or ''Bhumijava'' (the land of Java), and the classical Javanese civilisation. The Indians collectively called them as ''Yawadvipa'', the Khmer refer to them as ''Chvea'', the Chinese called them as ''Shepo'', ''Chopo'' or ''Chao-wa'', the Arabs called them as ''Jawi'' or ''Jawah'', and Srivijayan refer to them as ''Bhumijava''. The native Javanese most often refer to their lands and country simply as ''Jawi'' (Java), while the name of their ''nagara'' (country) is often based on their capital. The only foreign source mentioning ''Medang'' was found from the Philippines inscription, dated 822 saka (900). There is no comprehensive written records have survived in Java except numbers of ''prasasti'' (inscriptions) written on stones or copper plates. These inscriptions most often recorded the political and religious deeds of the rulers. The most common theme mentioned in inscriptions is the establishment of ''Sima'' (taxed rice cultivation land recognised through royal edict), and sometimes some portion or the whole of tax collected from this ''Sima'' land is appointed to fund the construction and maintenance of religious building. Nevertheless, some local legends and historical records, written on ''lontar'' — most often dated from later period — might also provides data and source to reconstruct the historical event. Therefore, the current knowledge of the historical Javanese civilisation is derived primarily from: * Archaeological excavation, reconstruction and investigation of ancient structures, especially ''candi'' (temple), and also the discovery of ancient relics, such as Wonoboyo hoard. * Stone inscriptions, most common are mentioning about the foundation and funding of temples. Which report on the political and religious deeds of the kings, or stating their lineage. The most notable are the Canggal, Kalasan, Shivagrha and Balitung charter. * Bas reliefs in a series of temple walls with depictions of life in the palace, village, temple, ship, marketplace and also the everyday lives of the population. The most notable are the bas reliefs found on Borobudur and Prambanan temple. * Native manuscripts, mentioning about the story of kings, their deeds and exploits, that somehow corrugated with accounts mentioned in stone inscriptions. The notable example is the Carita Parahyangan. * Reports and chronicles of foreign diplomats, traders and travellers, mainly from Chinese, Indian, and Arab sources. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Medang Kingdom」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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